Fundamentals of Computer

Class: B.Ed. IV Sem. 
Subject: ICT Practical 
Compiled by: Dr. Jyoti Gangrade

Computer fundamentals cover the basic concepts of what a computer is, its core components (hardware like CPU, memory, input/output devices, storage), and software (programs/OS) that work together to process data (Input -> Process -> Output -> Storage) into information, forming the backbone of modern technology. Key elements include the Central Processing Unit (CPU) as the brain, volatile RAM for active tasks, non-volatile storage (HDD/SSD), and input devices (keyboard, mouse) and output devices (monitor, printer) for interaction. 

Core Functions (IPOS Cycle)

• Input: Raw data (text, images, numbers) entered via devices like keyboards, mice.
• Processing: The CPU executes instructions, performing calculations and logical operations.
• Output: Processed data presented as information (e.g., on a screen, via a printer).
• Storage: Saving data and programs for future use (RAM for temporary, drives for permanent). 

Key Hardware Components

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The computer's "brain," executing instructions.
• Motherboard: Connects all components.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Fast, temporary memory for active programs (volatile).
• Storage Devices (HDD/SSD): Permanent storage for files (non-volatile).
• Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, microphone.
• Output Devices: Monitor, speakers, printer.
• PSU (Power Supply Unit): Supplies power. 

Software

• Operating System (OS): Manages hardware and software (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
• Applications: Programs that perform specific tasks (e.g., browsers, word processors). 

How They Work Together

Data enters through input devices, the CPU processes it using instructions from software, temporary results are held in RAM, and final information is displayed via output devices or saved to storage, all managed by the operating system.