Class: B.Ed. II Sem
Science is defined in several different ways by different individuals.
1. Science is a subject that explains the cause and effect relationship of many incidents
2. Science is a subject that explains various components and the characteristics of nature.
3. Science is both a body of knowledge and the process of acquiring and refining knowledge From the various definitions of science, a comprehensive views "Science as a body of knowledge, a way of investigation and a way of thinking in the pursuit of an understanding of nature.
Nature of Science Science is a dynamic, expanding body of knowledge covering ever new domains of experience. Broadly speaking, it involves several interconnected steps: observation, looking for regularities and patterns, making hypotheses, devising qualitative or mathematical models, deducing their consequences: verification or falsification of theories.
Nature and Scope of Science observations and controlled experiments and thus arriving at the principles, theories and laws governing the physical world. There is no strict order in these various steps. Sometimes, a theory may suggest a new experiment; at other times an experiment may suggest a new theoretical model. Speculation and conjecture also have a place in science, but ultimately, a scientific theory, to be acceptable, must be verified by relevant observations and /or experiments. The laws of science are never viewed as fixed external truths. Even the most established and universal laws of science are always regarded as provisional, subject to modification in the light of new observations, experiments and analysis. The methodology of science and its demarcation from other fields continue to be a matter of philosophical debate. Its professed value neutrality and objectivity have been subject to critical sociological analyses. Moreover, while science is at its best in understanding simple linear systems of nature, its predictive or explanatory power is limited when it comes to dealing with non linear complex systems of nature. Yet, with all its limitations and failings, science is unquestionably the most reliable and powerful knowledge system about the physical world known to humans. But science is ultimately a social endeavor. Science is knowledge and knowledge is power. With power can come wisdom and liberation. Science has the potential to be beneficial or harmful emancipative or oppressive. History, particularly of the twentieth century, is full of examples of this dual role of science. In a progressive forward- looking society, science can play a truly liberating role, helping people out of the vicious circle of poverty, ignorance and superstition. In a democratic political framework, the possible aberrations and misuse of science can be checked by the people themselves. Science, tempered with wisdom, is the surest and the only way to human welfare. This conviction provides the basic rationale for science education.
Scope of Science Science is a way of making sense of the natural world. Scientists seek to describe its complexity, to explain its systems and events, and to find the patterns that allow for predictions. Science is the basis for the design of the technologies that solve real world problems. Not all students will become scientists or engineers. But science and technology occupy ever- expanding places in our everyday lives.
Nature & Scope of Physics
Physics studies matter, energy, force, and their interactions, aiming to understand the universe's fundamental laws from subatomic particles to galaxies, bridging classical (mechanics, optics, heat) and modern (quantum mechanics, relativity) realms, and driving technology by explaining natural phenomena through simple, testable principles. Its scope is vast, covering everything from everyday motion to black holes, using quantitative laws to explain and predict natural occurrences.
Nature of Physics
- Study of Nature: Physics, from the Greek physis (nature), is the most fundamental science, seeking to understand the universe's workings and natural phenomena.
- Matter, Energy, Force, Time: It focuses on the interactions between energy, matter, space, and time.
- Fundamental Laws: It aims to uncover basic, quantitative laws (like conservation of energy, momentum) that explain diverse phenomena.
- Experimental & Theoretical: It uses observation, experiments, and reasoning to develop and test theories, which are refined or replaced if contradicted by evidence.
Scope of Physics
Physics is broadly divided into two domains:
- Macroscopic (Classical Physics): Deals with large-scale phenomena.
- Mechanics: Motion, forces (Newton's Laws).
- Thermodynamics: Heat and energy transfer.
- Electromagnetism: Electricity, magnetism, light.
- Optics: Light and vision.
- Microscopic (Modern Physics): Deals with atomic and subatomic scales.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of atoms, molecules, particles.
- Relativity: Space, time, gravity at high speeds (Einstein).
- Nuclear & Particle Physics: Structure of the nucleus, fundamental particles.
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